Learning Mandarin: a practical guide
This is a written companion to the free Mandarin course on LanguagePath: what the language is like, how it sounds, the phrases you will use first, how the course is structured, and what to watch out for. Everything here comes from the same lessons you can practise interactively above.
What Mandarin is like
Mandarin has no tenses, plurals or genders — context carries them. Word order is Subject-Verb-Object, like English. The real work is tones: the same syllable at a different pitch is a different word, so copy the melody from the audio every time.
Words you may already know
Pronunciation notes
Pinyin spells the sound; tones carry the meaning. Tap each and copy the melody.
- Tones — 4 tones — pitch changes meaning. Always copy the audio., as in mā má mǎ mà = mother / hemp / horse / scold.
- q — like 'ch' with the tongue forward, as in qǐng (please) = ching.
- x — a soft 'sh', as in xièxie (thanks) = syeh-syeh.
- zh — like 'j' in jump, as in zhège (this) = juh-guh.
- c — like 'ts' in cats, as in cèsuǒ (toilet) = tsuh-swor.
- r — a buzzy 'r', tongue curled back, as in rén (person) = run.
- ai / ao — ai = 'eye', ao = 'ow', as in zàijiàn = dzye-jyen.
- ü — German ü / 'ew' (you know it!), as in nǚ (female) = new.
First phrases
The pocket phrases below are the ones learners reach for most often. Say each one out loud a few times before moving on.
| Mandarin | Pronunciation | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| 你可以帮我吗? | nǐ kěyǐ bāng wǒ ma | can you help me? |
| 我生病了 | wǒ shēngbìng le | I'm sick |
| 药店 | yàodiàn | pharmacy |
| 疼 | téng | it hurts |
| 报警 | bàojǐng | call the police |
How the Mandarin course is structured
The course has 39 short lessons that build on each other. Each one introduces a few new pieces and then asks you to construct sentences you have never seen, before revealing the answer:
- Greetings — 你好 · 谢谢 · 你好吗
- I want" 我要 — 我要 · 咖啡 · 多少钱
- Numbers & prices — 一 to 十 · 块
- Food — 菜单 · 我不吃肉 · 买单
- Getting around — 在哪里 · 左/右 · 去
- I have / is there" 有 — 有 · 没有 · …吗
- Talking about the past 了 — 了 · 过 · 没
- Mine & yours 的 — 我的 · 你的
- Time & when — 今天 · 现在 · 几点
- The question words — 什么 · 哪里 · 谁 · 为什么
- Where things are — 在 — 在 · 这里 · 附近
- Want, can & may — 想 · 会 · 可以 · 需要
- Shopping & bargaining — 买 · 太贵了 · 便宜一点
- Help & emergencies — 帮忙 · 医院 · 疼 · 报警
- Measure words — 个 · 杯 · 瓶 · 张 · 本
- Joining ideas — 和 · 也 · 但是 · 很/太/非常
- Family & people — 家人 · 妈妈 · 孩子
- Colours & describing — 颜色 · 红/蓝 · 大/小
- At the restaurant — 点菜 · 不要辣 · 我吃素
- Days, dates & months — 星期 · 号 · 月
- Weather & small talk — 天气 · 热/冷 · 下雨
- Transport & tickets — 地铁 · 怎么去 · 多远
- Money & prices — 百 · 千 · 块
- Hotel & booking — 预订 · 房间 · 钥匙
- Phone & internet — 手机 · 微信 · 扫码
- How I feel — 累 · 饿 · 渴 · 高兴
- Everyday verbs — 喜欢 · 喝 · 住 · 来/去
- Feeling ill — 头疼 · 发烧 · 感冒 · 药
- Countries & languages — 中国 · 印度 · 中文/英文
- Politeness & survival — 没关系 · 慢一点 · 再说一遍
- Bonus: The word machine — 电 — 电脑 · 电话 · 电影
- Fire-vehicles — 车 — 火车 · 汽车 · 火车站
- Good-to-eat, good-to-look-at — 好 — 好看 · 好听 · 开心
- The Middle Kingdom — countries & people — 中国 · 中国人 · 外国人
- The learning machine — 学 — 学生 · 大学 · 学校
- Cracking the characters — 日+月=明 · 女+马=妈
- The body machine — 手 — 手机 · 洗手间 · 小心
- Weather — 天气 — 下雨 · 空调 · 雨伞
- Meals & shops — 饭 · 店 — 饭店 · 书店 · 早饭 · 晚安
Inside the lessons
Here is how a few of the lessons explain the language, with worked examples and the word-by-word breakdown the course uses.
I have / is there" 有
Key pieces: 有 · 没有 · …吗
One verb covers 'to have' and 'there is': 有 yǒu. Its negative is 没有 méiyǒu (don't have / there isn't).
- 有 (yǒu) — have / there is
- 没有 (méiyǒu) — don't have / there isn't
To say “I have a question (问题)” in Mandarin: 我有问题 (wǒ yǒu wèntí). Built from 我 = I; 有 = have; 问题 wèntí = question.
Add 吗 ma to ask. 'Is there tea?' = 有茶吗?
To say “Is there tea?” in Mandarin: 有茶吗? (yǒu chá ma). Built from 有 = there is; 茶 = tea; 吗 = ?.
To say “Is there wifi?” in Mandarin: 有wifi吗? (yǒu wifi ma). Built from 有 = is there; 吗 = ?.
To say “I don't have money (钱)” in Mandarin: 我没有钱 (wǒ méiyǒu qián). Built from 没有 = don't have; 钱 qián = money.
Talking about the past 了
Key pieces: 了 · 过 · 没
Good news: Mandarin verbs never conjugate. To mark a finished action, just add 了 le after the verb. 我去 (I go) → 我去了 (I went).
To say “I ate (吃)” in Mandarin: 我吃了 (wǒ chī le). Built from 我 = I; 吃 chī = eat; 了 le = (completed).
To say “I went to the hotel” in Mandarin: 我去了酒店 (wǒ qù le jiǔdiàn). Built from 去 qù = go; 了 = (completed); 酒店 = hotel.
A classic greeting literally asks 'have you eaten?' — 你吃了吗?
To say “Have you eaten?” in Mandarin: 你吃了吗? (nǐ chī le ma). Built from 你 = you; 吃了 = ate; 吗 = ?.
For the negative past, use 没 méi (not 不): 我没去 = I didn't go.
To say “I didn't go” in Mandarin: 我没去 (wǒ méi qù). Built from 没 méi = didn't; 去 = go.
Mine & yours 的
Key pieces: 我的 · 你的
'My / your / his' is simply the pronoun + 的 de. 我的 = my, 你的 = your, 他的 = his.
To say “mine (my)” in Mandarin: 我的 (wǒ de). Built from 我 = I; 的 de = 's.
To say “This is my bag (包)” in Mandarin: 这是我的包 (zhè shì wǒ de bāo). Built from 这是 = this is; 我的 = my; 包 bāo = bag.
To say “my friend (朋友)” in Mandarin: 我的朋友 (wǒ de péngyou). Built from 我的 = my; 朋友 = friend.
With family the 的 is often dropped: 我妈妈 = my mum.
To say “What's your name?” in Mandarin: 你叫什么名字? (nǐ jiào shénme míngzi). Built from 你叫 = you are called; 什么 = what; 名字 = name.
Where things are — 在
Key pieces: 在 · 这里 · 附近
在 zài = 'at / in / located'. 我在酒店 = I'm at the hotel.
To say “I'm at the hotel” in Mandarin: 我在酒店 (wǒ zài jiǔdiàn). Built from 我 = I; 在 = at; 酒店 = hotel.
- 这里 (zhèlǐ) — here
- 那里 (nàlǐ) — there
- 附近 (fùjìn) — nearby
To say “The toilet is here” in Mandarin: 厕所在这里 (cèsuǒ zài zhèlǐ). Built from 厕所 = toilet; 在 = is at; 这里 = here.
Combine with 有 (there is) for 'is there … nearby?'. 银行 = bank.
To say “Is there a bank nearby?” in Mandarin: 附近有银行吗? (fùjìn yǒu yínháng ma). Built from 附近 = nearby; 有 = there is; 银行 = bank; 吗 = ?.
To say “Where is the station? (车站)” in Mandarin: 车站在哪里? (chēzhàn zài nǎlǐ). Built from 车站 = station; 在哪里 = where.
Want, can & may
Key pieces: 想 · 会 · 可以 · 需要
Four handy helper-verbs: 想 xiǎng (would like to), 会 huì (can — a learned skill), 可以 kěyǐ (may — permission), 需要 xūyào (need).
To say “I'd like to go” in Mandarin: 我想去 (wǒ xiǎng qù). Built from 我 = I; 想 = would like to; 去 = go.
To say “I'd like to eat” in Mandarin: 我想吃 (wǒ xiǎng chī). Built from 想 = would like to; 吃 = eat.
会 is for skills: 我会说中文 = I can speak Chinese.
To say “I can speak a little Chinese” in Mandarin: 我会说一点中文 (wǒ huì shuō yìdiǎn zhōngwén). Built from 会 = can (skill); 说 = speak; 一点 = a little; 中文 = Chinese.
可以 asks permission — end with 吗?
To say “May I sit here?” in Mandarin: 我可以坐这里吗? (wǒ kěyǐ zuò zhèlǐ ma). Built from 可以 = may; 坐 = sit; 这里 = here; 吗 = ?.
Help & emergencies
Key pieces: 帮忙 · 医院 · 疼 · 报警
'To help' is 帮 bāng / 帮忙 bāngmáng. 'Can you help me?' = 你可以帮我吗?
To say “Can you help me?” in Mandarin: 你可以帮我吗? (nǐ kěyǐ bāng wǒ ma). Built from 可以 = can; 帮我 = help me; 吗 = ?.
医院 yīyuàn hospital, 药店 yàodiàn pharmacy, 生病 shēngbìng to be sick, 疼 téng to hurt.
To say “I'm sick” in Mandarin: 我生病了 (wǒ shēngbìng le). Built from 生病 = get sick; 了 = (change of state).
To say “Where is the hospital?” in Mandarin: 医院在哪里? (yīyuàn zài nǎlǐ). Built from 医院 = hospital; 在哪里 = where.
To say “My stomach hurts (肚子)” in Mandarin: 我肚子疼 (wǒ dùzi téng). Built from 肚子 = stomach; 疼 = hurts.
'Call the police' is 报警 bàojǐng; the emergency number is 110.
Measure words
Key pieces: 个 · 杯 · 瓶 · 张 · 本
Chinese puts a 'measure word' between a number and a noun. The all-purpose one is 个 gè: 一个人 = one person.
- 个 (gè) — (general)
- 杯 (bēi) — (cups)
- 瓶 (píng) — (bottles)
- 张 (zhāng) — (flat things)
- 本 (běn) — (books)
To say “three people” in Mandarin: 三个人 (sān gè rén). Built from 三 = 3; 个 = (measure); 人 = person.
Important: for 'two + measure word' use 两 liǎng, not 二. 'Two cups of coffee' = 两杯咖啡.
To say “two cups of coffee” in Mandarin: 两杯咖啡 (liǎng bēi kāfēi). Built from 两 = two (before measure); 杯 = cup; 咖啡 = coffee.
To say “a bottle of water” in Mandarin: 一瓶水 (yì píng shuǐ). Built from 一 = one; 瓶 = bottle; 水 = water.
To say “two tickets” in Mandarin: 两张票 (liǎng zhāng piào). Built from 两 = two; 张 = (flat); 票 = ticket.
Colours & describing
Key pieces: 颜色 · 红/蓝 · 大/小
颜色 yánsè = colour. 红色 red, 蓝色 blue, 白色 white, 黑色 black.
- 红色 (hóngsè) — red
- 蓝色 (lánsè) — blue
- 白色 (báisè) — white
- 黑色 (hēisè) — black
To say “I want the red one” in Mandarin: 我要红色的 (wǒ yào hóngsè de). Built from 要 = want; 红色 = red; 的 = the … one.
大 dà big, 小 xiǎo small, 漂亮 piàoliang pretty.
To say “too big” in Mandarin: 太大了 (tài dà le). Built from 太…了 = too …; 大 = big.
To say “very pretty” in Mandarin: 很漂亮 (hěn piàoliang). Built from 很 = very; 漂亮 = pretty.
To say “Do you have another colour?” in Mandarin: 有别的颜色吗? (yǒu bié de yánsè ma). Built from 有 = have; 别的 = another; 颜色 = colour; 吗 = ?.
To compare: 更 gèng = more, 比 bǐ = compared to, 最 zuì = most. "A 比 B 更 [adj]" = A is more [adj] than B.
- 更 (gèng) — more
- 比 (bǐ) — than / compared to
- 最 (zuì) — most
Phone & internet
Key pieces: 手机 · 微信 · 扫码
China runs on the phone: 手机 shǒujī phone, 微信 Wēixìn WeChat, 二维码 èrwéimǎ QR code, 扫码 sǎomǎ = scan the code.
- 手机 (shǒujī) — mobile phone
- 微信 (Wēixìn) — WeChat
- 二维码 (èrwéimǎ) — QR code
To say “What's your phone number?” in Mandarin: 你的电话号码是多少? (nǐ de diànhuà hàomǎ shì duōshao). Built from 电话号码 = phone number; 多少 = what/how much.
To say “Can I add you on WeChat?” in Mandarin: 可以加微信吗? (kěyǐ jiā wēixìn ma). Built from 加 = add; 微信 = WeChat; 吗 = ?.
To say “Scan the code” in Mandarin: 扫码 (sǎomǎ). Built from 扫 = scan; 码 = code.
To say “What's the wifi password?” in Mandarin: wifi密码是什么? (wifi mìmǎ shì shénme). Built from 密码 = password; 什么 = what.
How I feel
Key pieces: 累 · 饿 · 渴 · 高兴
State words take 很 in front (even for 'a bit'): 累 lèi tired, 饿 è hungry, 渴 kě thirsty, 高兴 gāoxìng happy.
- 累 (lèi) — tired
- 饿 (è) — hungry
- 渴 (kě) — thirsty
- 高兴 (gāoxìng) — happy
To say “I'm tired” in Mandarin: 我很累 (wǒ hěn lèi). Built from 我 = I; 很 = (very); 累 = tired.
To say “I'm hungry” in Mandarin: 我很饿 (wǒ hěn è). Built from 很 = (very); 饿 = hungry.
To say “I'm thirsty” in Mandarin: 我很渴 (wǒ hěn kě). Built from 很 = (very); 渴 = thirsty.
To say “I'm very happy” in Mandarin: 我很高兴 (wǒ hěn gāoxìng). Built from 很 = very; 高兴 = happy.
Bonus: The word machine — 电
Key pieces: 电脑 · 电话 · 电影
Here's the secret that makes Mandarin the most logical major language on earth: big words are built from small words — and the logic is usually visible. From this lesson on, you won't memorize vocabulary. You'll derive it.
- 电 (diàn) — electric
- 脑 (nǎo) — brain
- 话 (huà) — speech / words
One more piece: 影 yǐng = shadow. Think about what plays on a cinema screen…
Now use them. 看 kàn = watch/look, and you know 我想 (I'd like to) from Lesson 12.
To say “I'd like to watch a movie” in Mandarin: 我想看电影 (wǒ xiǎng kàn diànyǐng). Built from 我想 = I'd like to; 看 kàn = watch; 电影 = movie.
To say “my computer” in Mandarin: 我的电脑 (wǒ de diànnǎo). Built from 我的 = my; 电脑 = computer.
Fire-vehicles — 车
Key pieces: 火车 · 汽车 · 火车站
Round two of the word machine. Three pieces:
- 车 (chē) — vehicle
- 火 (huǒ) — fire
- 汽 (qì) — steam / gas
站 zhàn = station (literally 'to stand'). So what's a 火车站?
To say “I want to go to the train station” in Mandarin: 我要去火车站 (wǒ yào qù huǒchēzhàn). Built from 我要 = I want; 去 qù = go; 火车站 = train station.
To say “Where is the taxi?” in Mandarin: 出租车在哪里? (chūzūchē zài nǎlǐ). Built from 出租车 = taxi; 在哪里 = where.
The learning machine — 学
Key pieces: 学生 · 大学 · 学校
- 学 (xué) — learn / study
- 生 (shēng) — person (born)
- 大 (dà) — big
校 xiào = school building. So the everyday word for school:
To say “I am a student” in Mandarin: 我是学生 (wǒ shì xuésheng). Built from 我 = I; 是 = am; 学生 = student.
To say “He is at school” in Mandarin: 他在学校 (tā zài xuéxiào). Built from 他 = he; 在 = at; 学校 = school.
Cracking the characters
Key pieces: 日+月=明 · 女+马=妈
Last discovery, the biggest one: the characters themselves are built from parts too. They're not 10,000 arbitrary drawings — they're a system you can decode.
- 木 (mù) — tree
- 日 (rì) — sun
- 月 (yuè) — moon
Now the real secret of most characters: one part hints at the meaning, the other at the sound. 女 nǚ = woman, 马 mǎ = horse. What could woman + horse possibly mean…?
To say “See you tomorrow” in Mandarin: 明天见 (míngtiān jiàn). Built from 明 = bright (sun+moon!); 天 = day; 见 = see.
The body machine — 手
Key pieces: 手机 · 洗手间 · 小心
Body words are some of the most productive pieces in the language. Start with 手 shǒu = hand — and 机 jī = machine.
洗 xǐ = wash, 间 jiān = room. You already know 厕所 for toilet — but this is the politer word you'll see on signs.
- 眼 (yǎn) — eye
- 镜 (jìng) — lens / mirror
- 口 (kǒu) — mouth
Now one you'll see written on stairs, wet floors and train doors all over China. 小 xiǎo = small, and you met 心 xīn = heart in 开心 (happy).
To say “my phone” in Mandarin: 我的手机 (wǒ de shǒujī). Built from 我的 = my; 手机 = mobile phone.
To say “Where is the toilet?” in Mandarin: 洗手间在哪里? (xǐshǒujiān zài nǎlǐ). Built from 洗手间 = restroom; 在哪里 = where.
To say “I have a headache” in Mandarin: 我头疼 (wǒ tóuténg). Built from 我 = I; 头疼 = headache.
Common mistakes and things to watch out for
- 个 (gè): general.
- 瓶 (píng): bottles.
- 张 (zhāng): flat things.
Written by the LanguagePath editorial team from our own course material. Pronunciation guides are approximate English respellings; tap any phrase in the app above to hear it. Native-speaker review of every course is ongoing — tell us if you spot an error.